beginner⏱30 minutesLesson 5 of 10
Conditionals and Loops
Learn program flow control with if/else, loop, while, for, and the match expression
Conditionals and Loops
Rust provides familiar control flow with some unique twists. All control flow constructs are expressions that can return values.
if / else if / else
Unlike C, conditions don't need parentheses:
rust
fn main() {
let number = 7;
if number < 5 {
println!("small");
} else if number < 10 {
println!("medium");
} else {
println!("large");
}
}if is an Expression
Every if/else block returns a value — both arms must be the same type:
rust
fn main() {
let condition = true;
let number = if condition { 5 } else { 6 };
println!("{number}"); // 5
// ERROR: arms must be same type
// let bad = if condition { 5 } else { "six" };
}Note
rust
fn main() {
let x = 10;
let result = if x > 5 {
"greater"
} else if x == 5 {
"equal"
} else {
"less"
};
println!("{result}"); // "greater"
}loop — Infinite Loops
loop runs forever unless explicitly exited:
rust
fn main() {
let mut counter = 0;
let result = loop {
counter += 1;
if counter == 10 {
break counter * 2; // Break with a value
}
};
println!("result: {result}"); // 20
}Loop Labels
Labels allow breaking out of nested loops:
rust
fn main() {
'outer: for i in 1..=3 {
for j in 1..=3 {
if i == 2 && j == 2 {
break 'outer; // Breaks both loops
}
println!("({i}, {j})");
}
}
}| Feature | Syntax | Purpose |
|---|---|---|
| Label | 'label: | Name a loop |
| Break with value | break value | Exit and return value |
| Continue | continue | Skip to next iteration |
| Labeled break | break 'label | Exit outer loop |
Success
Use loop when you need to "retry until success" patterns or break with a value. For counted iteration, prefer for.
while — Conditional Loops
rust
fn main() {
let mut n = 3;
while n > 0 {
println!("{n}");
n -= 1;
}
println!("liftoff!");
}while can also be an expression with break:
rust
fn main() {
let mut n = 0;
let result = while n < 10 {
n += 1;
if n == 7 {
break n;
}
};
println!("first >= 7: {result:?}"); // Some(7)
}Warning
The break value from a while loop is Option<T> because the condition may never be true. In loop, the break value is T directly.
for — Iteration
for is the preferred loop in Rust — it's safe, fast, and expressive:
rust
fn main() {
// Range syntax
for i in 0..5 { // 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
print!("{i} ");
}
println!();
// Inclusive range
for i in 0..=5 { // 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
print!("{i} ");
}
println!();
// Iterate over collection
let arr = [10, 20, 30];
for element in arr {
print!("{element} ");
}
println!();
// With index (enumerate)
for (index, value) in arr.iter().enumerate() {
println!("arr[{index}] = {value}");
}
}Iterating Patterns
rust
fn main() {
// Reverse range
for i in (1..=5).rev() {
print!("{i} "); // 5 4 3 2 1
}
println!();
// Step by
for i in (0..10).step_by(2) {
print!("{i} "); // 0 2 4 6 8
}
println!();
// Over characters of a string
for ch in "hello".chars() {
print!("{ch} ");
}
println!();
}| Loop Type | When to Use | Break Returns |
|---|---|---|
loop | Need to break with value, or indefinite | T |
while | Condition-based, checked each iteration | Option<T> |
for | Iterating over a collection or range | Option<T> |
Match — Pattern Matching
match is Rust's powerful switch statement on steroids. It's exhaustive — every possible case must be handled:
rust
fn main() {
let number = 3;
match number {
1 => println!("one"),
2 => println!("two"),
3 => println!("three"),
_ => println!("other"), // Catch-all
}
}Note
_ is the catch-all pattern. It matches anything and is the default case. The compiler warns if you forget it and haven't covered all values.
Match as an Expression
rust
fn main() {
let value = 7;
let description = match value {
0 => "zero",
1..=3 => "small", // Range pattern
4..=6 => "medium",
7..=9 => "large",
_ if value > 100 => "huge", // Guard condition
_ => "other",
};
println!("{description}"); // "large"
}Match with Enums
rust
enum Coin {
Penny,
Nickel,
Dime,
Quarter,
}
fn value_in_cents(coin: Coin) -> u8 {
match coin {
Coin::Penny => 1,
Coin::Nickel => 5,
Coin::Dime => 10,
Coin::Quarter => 25,
}
}Match with Option
rust
fn main() {
let some_value: Option<i32> = Some(10);
let doubled = match some_value {
Some(x) => x * 2,
None => 0,
};
println!("{doubled}"); // 20
}if let — Concise Matching
When you only care about one pattern:
rust
fn main() {
let config_max = Some(3u8);
// Verbose match
match config_max {
Some(max) => println!("max: {max}"),
_ => (),
}
// Concise if let
if let Some(max) = config_max {
println!("max: {max}");
}
// if let with else
let value: Option<i32> = None;
if let Some(x) = value {
println!("got {x}");
} else {
println!("got nothing");
}
}| Construct | Best For |
|---|---|
match | Exhaustive checking, 3+ arms |
if let | One pattern to match, ignore rest |
let else | Unwrap or return/break early |
let-else (Rust 1.65+)
rust
fn main() {
let value: Option<i32> = Some(42);
let Some(x) = value else {
println!("no value");
return;
};
println!("got {x}");
}Real-World: Input Validation
rust
use std::io;
fn main() {
let mut input = String::new();
println!("Enter a number between 1 and 10:");
io::stdin().read_line(&mut input).unwrap();
let number: i32 = match input.trim().parse() {
Ok(n) => n,
Err(_) => {
println!("Invalid number!");
return;
}
};
match number {
1..=5 => println!("{number} is in the lower half"),
6..=10 => println!("{number} is in the upper half"),
_ => println!("{number} is out of range"),
}
}Practice Questions
- Can you use
ifwithoutelsein Rust? - What does
break 42do inside aloop? - What type does a
whileloop return when broken with a value? - How do you iterate over an array with index and value?
- What happens if a
matchdoesn't cover all possible values? - What's the difference between
0..5and0..=5? - When should you use
if letinstead ofmatch? - What does the
_pattern do in a match expression? - How does
let-elsediffer fromif let? - Write a for loop that prints numbers 10 down to 1.
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